[bnc] Miscellaneous tables - Users Reference Guide for the British National Corpus (XML Edition)

Miscellaneous tables

This section consists of a series of supplementary tables listing values used for some open or semi open value-lists, and other aspects of the corpus and its encoding not provided by the reference information in section bnctags.

The following code tables are provided:

XML tag usage by text type gives a breakdown of XML tag usage by text type
Voice quality codes lists the most frequent values used in the corpus for the new attribute on the <shift> element, to indicate changes in voice quality for spoken texts
Gap descriptions lists the most frequent values used in the corpus for the desc attribute on the <gap> element, to describe material not transcribed in spoken texts
Event descriptions lists the most frequent values used in the corpus for the desc attribute on the <event> element, which describes non-linguistic events noted by the transcriber of a spoken text
Speaker relationships lists the codes used to identify the roles relationships of participants, as specified in the role attribute on <person>
Text and genre classification codes lists the text-type codes making up David Lee's text classification system as applied to the BNC.
Contracted forms and multiwords lists all the multiword items identified by the CLAWS system and tagged as <mw> elements, together with the C5 wordclass tag assigned to each of their constituent parts
Simplified Wordclass Tags lists the mapping between simple POS code and CLAWS5 wordclass tags

XML tag usage by text type

Each of the 4055 texts in the BNC is categorized broadly by type (written fiction, written academic prose, spoken demographic, etc.). This table lists the usage of the various XML elements documented in this manual within the corpus, both in total and in each of the different text types. Note that elements which appear only in corpus or text headers are excluded.

	Total	ACPROSE	CONVRSN	FICTION	NEWS	NONAC	OTHERPUB	OTHERSP	UNPUB
align	407023		66.96% 272552					33.03% 134471
bibl	1036	17.85% 185		10.90% 113		55.59% 576	15.54% 161		0.09% 1
c	13614363	14.55% 1981729	5.03% 684858	23.65% 3220541	8.68% 1182536	22.31% 3038629	16.64% 2266554	5.23% 712415	3.87% 527101
corr	17000	11.42% 1943	0.02% 5	7.86% 1337	11.07% 1882	28.34% 4819	28.94% 4921	0.18% 31	12.12% 2062
div	210145	12.04% 25308	1.73% 3640	3.10% 6518	18.31% 38484	20.35% 42778	33.35% 70090	0.07% 155	11.02% 23172
event	6943		36.85% 2559					63.14% 4384
gap	65159	21.16% 13790	7.67% 4998	0.35% 232	1.62% 1060	14.64% 9542	16.74% 10911	28.99% 18895	8.79% 5731
head	222085	10.71% 23797		2.62% 5836	22.11% 49108	21.74% 48288	33.44% 74283		9.35% 20773
hi	210508	27.84% 58613		12.50% 26315	0.14% 302	31.23% 65758	25.28% 53236		2.98% 6284
item	117237	27.82% 32621		0.74% 870	2.23% 2621	22.93% 26893	30.82% 36139		15.43% 18093
l	51310	2.59% 1333		71.39% 36631	0.17% 89	13.59% 6974	8.62% 4426		3.61% 1857
label	65697	43.83% 28799		0.65% 430	1.66% 1093	21.27% 13976	21.96% 14428		10.61% 6971
lg	3040	7.23% 220		54.53% 1658	0.23% 7	21.71% 660	11.71% 356		4.57% 139
list	19758	20.72% 4095		0.71% 142	1.63% 323	26.41% 5220	31.75% 6274		18.74% 3704
mw	792599	19.55% 155017	3.24% 25742	16.83% 133469	7.74% 61366	25.39% 201249	16.73% 132634	6.38% 50644	4.09% 32478
note	117	45.29% 53		0.85% 1	0.85% 1	5.12% 6	47.86% 56
p	1599693	8.78% 140550		27.13% 434019	17.95% 287171	18.18% 290826	20.35% 325612		7.59% 121515
pause	216354		64.98% 140589					35.01% 75765
pb	94620	26.16% 24760		25.60% 24224	0.15% 148	31.63% 29931	14.75% 13961		1.68% 1596
quote	15208	40.20% 6114		4.58% 698	0.03% 5	45.66% 6945	6.14% 934		3.36% 512
s	6026276	11.55% 696038	10.13% 610558	21.96% 1323573	8.43% 508609	18.83% 1135264	16.95% 1021633	7.09% 427523	5.02% 303078
shift	36053		70.90% 25564					29.09% 10489
sp	29112	0.21% 62		1.28% 373		4.76% 1386	35.69% 10391		58.05% 16900
speaker	23466	0.26% 62		1.58% 373		5.90% 1385	44.16% 10363		48.08% 11283
stage	507	1.38% 7		10.25% 52		5.71% 29	82.44% 418		0.19% 1
trunc	52674		38.69% 20382					61.30% 32292
u	784483		67.02% 525789					32.97% 258694
unclear	203045		62.39% 126686					37.60% 76359
vocal	43457		63.61% 27645					36.38% 15812
w	98363707	16.04% 15781859	4.30% 4233962	16.41% 16143913	9.56% 9412174	24.58% 24179010	18.26% 17970212	6.27% 6175896	4.54% 4466681

Voice quality codes

Changes in voice quality in spoken texts are indicated by values for the <new> attribute on a <shift> element, at the point where the speaker's voice change. 156 distinct values are used, but most of them appear only infrequently. The following list gives the values which appear more than 10 times in the whole corpus:

voice quality	number such
laughing	9268
reading	2463
singing	2045
shouting	1419
whispering	1247
yawning	363
sighing	276
mimicking	241
spelling	224
crying	108
screaming	97
whining	40
whingeing	38
praying	23
reading bible	22
reading newspaper	20
reading+laughing	15
reading book	14
on telephone	11

Gap descriptions

Where material is omitted for some reason during the transcription of a text, either written or spoken, the <gap> element is used to provide a brief description of the material omitted and the reason for its exclusion. The desc attribute supplies the description, and the cause attribute explains why it was done. Over 1700 distinct descriptions are used, but most of them appear only infrequently. The following list gives the 65 values which appear more than 25 times in the whole corpus:

material omitted	number such
name	29698
formula	12476
figure	4060
address	3914
many nonRoman characters	2835
telephone number	2173
table	1393
illustration	903
photograph	338
footnote	197
references etc.	188
date	172
list of names	171
picture	144
personal name	142
advert	141
reference	133
adverts	126
list	123
period quotation	112
name and address	101
phonetic transcription	95
list of venues	95
table of contents	92
names	91
ingredients	91
publication details	84
footnotes	83
contents omitted	72
contents	65
list of ingredients	64
diagram	60
hebrew	59
address, telephone number etc.	50
tel. no	47
cover page	47
text	46
venue, dates, times, prices etc.	46
venue	46
telephone no	44
number	41
names and addresses	41
other venues	41
venues	40
form	39
personal names	38
computer code	38
gaelic	36
email address	36
author details	35
address and telephone	35
cover omitted	35
company name	34
credits	33
caption	31
dates	30
name and phone number	29
sales details	28
address, dates, times, prices etc.	28
period quotation/verse	27
notes	27
map	26
period/overseas quotation	25
quotation	25

The cause for a gap in transcription is usually self-evident, which may be why only a small number of values is used for the cause attribute. The following four values are the most significant:

reason for ommission	number such
anonymization	31924
label	303
sampling strategy	115
repeated elsewhere	6

Event descriptions

The <event> element is used in spoken texts to mark wherever some non-linguistic but significant event is noted by a transcriber. The brief texts used to describe such events are very various, and there are more than 1500 different values for the desc attribute which stores them. The following lists shows the 60 or so values which appear more than 10 times in the whole corpus:

Event description	number such
clapping	1134
music	397
recorded jingle	330
break in recording	310
speaking french	212
pre-recorded blurb	199
too quiet to hear	180
recording ends	177
tape change	158
phonecall starts	138
phone rings	138
phonecall ends	125
tape breaks here	120
piano music	109
paper rustling	93
tv on	80
people talking	77
applause	67
dog barks	63
tape jumps	62
dog barking	55
baby talk	55
jingle	47
banging	47
classroom chatter	47
talk in background	41
people laughing	35
advert	35
door knock	33
noise - traffic	30
playing piano	30
tape ends	28
door bell	27
noise - background	26
portuguese speech	24
writing on board	24
hits ball	23
music in background	21
speaking italian	19
television	19
baby crying	18
door closing	17
bell ring	17
singing	16
crockery noise	16
noseblow	16
telephone conversation ends	16
talking from other room	16
everyone talking	15
radio on	15
noise	15
door opening	15
introduction music	15
drilling noise	14
microphone moved	14
plane overhead	13
knocking	13
phonic	13
closing music	12
noise - train	12
cat noise	12
clicks fingers	11
speaking german	11

Speaker relationships

In demographically sampled texts, the role of each speaker with respect to the respondent is supplied by the role attribute on the <person> element. The following table lists all 79 values used in the curent version of the corpus in descending frequency order.

role name	persons
unspecified	6862
other	1454
friend	654
?	354
self	306
colleague	216
daughter	102
son	100
husband	68
wife	66
mother	64
stranger	52
neighbour	50
father	42
sister	42
brother	38
mother-in-law	22
sister-in-law	22
teacher	22
acquaintance	18
brother-in-law	18
employee	14
son-in-law	14
father-in-law	12
granddaughter	12
niece	12
chairman	10
grandson	10
daughter-in-law	8
nephew	8
aunt	6
boyfriend	6
customer	6
girlfriend	6
babysitter	4
cousin	4
fiancÃ©e	4
friend's son	4
grandmother	4
lecturer	4
son's teacher	4
aunt-in-law	2
boss	2
boyfriend's father	2
boyfriend's mother	2
brother's friend	2
brother-in-law's mother	2
child's teacher	2
cousin-in-law	2
cousin-in-law's son	2
cousin-in-law's wife	2
daughter's boyfriend	2
daughter's friend	2
employee's wife	2
friend's brother	2
friend's father	2
friend's granddaughter	2
friend's mother	2
friend's sister	2
grandmother-in-law	2
hairdresser	2
hairdresser's son	2
housekeeper	2
husband's great-niece	2
husband's niece	2
neighbour's son	2
partner	2
partner's mother	2
plumber	2
sister's friend	2
sister's friend's mother	2
sister-in-law's father	2
sister-in-law's mother	2
son's friend	2
step-father	2
stepfather	2
uncle	2
visitor	2

Text and genre classification codes

Texts are classified in several different ways in the BNC, as described in section Text classification . Each text carries a number of text classification codes, specified a string of values on the target attribute of its <catRefs> element. Possible values for these codes and their significance are listed in the corpus header (see The BNC corpus header). These values are also used in the BNC indexing files described in section Creating a subcorpus and distribution tables showing the number of texts, words, and sentences classified under most of them are given above in section Design of the corpus.

One of the codes listed below is also supplied for each text as the content of a <classCode> element in its text header, as an alternative way of characterising each text. A description of the analysis scheme used and its rationale are provided in an article by David Lee (Genres, registers, text types and styles: clarifying the concepts and navigating a path through the BNC Jungle (Language Learning and Technology, vol 5 no 3, September 2001; available online at http://http://llt.msu.edu/vol5num3/lee/default.html. The codes used in the present version of the corpus have been updated to take note of a small number of corrections made by Lee on his web site (http://clix.to/davidlee00) since publication of the article.

Table 37. Genre classification for spoken texts
`code`	texts
`S_brdcast_discussn`	54
`S_brdcast_documentary`	10
`S_brdcast_news`	12
`S_classroom`	59
`S_consult`	128
`S_conv`	153
`S_courtroom`	13
`S_demonstratn`	6
`S_interview`	13
`S_interview_oral_history`	119
`S_lect_commerce`	3
`S_lect_humanities_arts`	4
`S_lect_nat_science`	4
`S_lect_polit_law_edu`	7
`S_lect_soc_science`	13
`S_meeting`	132
`S_parliament`	6
`S_pub_debate`	16
`S_sermon`	16
`S_speech_scripted`	26
`S_speech_unscripted`	51
`S_sportslive`	4
`S_tutorial`	18
`S_unclassified`	44

Table 38. Genre classification for written texts
`code`	texts
`W_ac_humanities_arts`	87
`W_ac_medicine`	24
`W_ac_nat_science`	43
`W_ac_polit_law_edu`	187
`W_ac_soc_science`	142
`W_ac_tech_engin`	23
`W_admin`	12
`W_advert`	60
`W_biography`	100
`W_commerce`	112
`W_email`	7
`W_essay_school`	7
`W_essay_univ`	4
`W_fict_drama`	2
`W_fict_poetry`	31
`W_fict_prose`	485
`W_hansard`	4
`W_institut_doc`	43
`W_instructional`	15
`W_letters_personal`	6
`W_letters_prof`	11
`W_misc`	501
`W_news_script`	32
`W_newsp_brdsht_nat_arts`	51
`W_newsp_brdsht_nat_commerce`	44
`W_newsp_brdsht_nat_editorial`	12
`W_newsp_brdsht_nat_misc`	95
`W_newsp_brdsht_nat_report`	49
`W_newsp_brdsht_nat_science`	29
`W_newsp_brdsht_nat_social`	36
`W_newsp_brdsht_nat_sports`	24
`W_newsp_other_arts`	15
`W_newsp_other_commerce`	17
`W_newsp_other_report`	27
`W_newsp_other_reportage`	12
`W_newsp_other_science`	23
`W_newsp_other_social`	37
`W_newsp_other_sports`	9
`W_newsp_tabloid`	6
`W_non_ac_humanities_arts`	116
`W_non_ac_medicine`	17
`W_non_ac_nat_science`	62
`W_non_ac_polit_law_edu`	93
`W_non_ac_soc_science`	128
`W_non_ac_tech_engin`	123
`W_pop_lore`	211
`W_religion`	35

Contracted forms and multiwords

The following tables summarize and document the tokenization decisions taken by the CLAWS system, where these do not coincide with normal orthographic convention.

The first list specifies common word-endings or enclitics which are regarded by CLAWS as indicating the start of a new ‘word’, although words containing them are conventionally represented as a single orthographic word.

The second list specifies some common two, three or four word phrases treated by CLAWS as single tokens. These are represenmted in this version of the corpus by means of a <mw> element; the table gives the C5 code assigned to this element, and also the codes assigned to the distinct <w> elements constituting it.

Contracted forms

Words ending with certain character strings are treated by CLAWS as distinct words, even though they are conventionally fused together when written. For example, ‘they're’ is treated as if it were two distinct ‘words’ — they and 're. The fact that these two items are orthographically fused is evident in the XML encoding of the corpus because there is no whitespace following the string ‘they’. Some XML processors may however assume that the end of an XML element such as the <w> enclosing the string should always be treated as a word separator, and may therefore introduce unwanted extra space.

In the following table we show how contracted forms are tokenized by CLAWS. The left column shows the contracted form; the right column shows the content of the two or more <w> elements used to represent it.

orthographic form	tokenization
[word]'d	[word] 'd
[word]'m	[word] 'm
[word]'s	[word] 's
[word]'ll	[word] 'll
[word]n't	[word] n't
[word]'re	[word] 're
[word]'v	[word] 'v
'd've	'd 've
'tis	't is
'twas	't was
'twere	't were
'twould	't would
I'd've	I 'd 've
ain't	ai n't
aint	ai nt
aintcha	ai nt cha
arent	are nt
c'mon	c'm on
can't	ca n't
cannot	can not
couldnt	could nt
d'ya	d' ya
d'you	d' you
didnt	did nt
doesnt	does nt
dont	do nt
dunnit	dun n it
dunno	du n no
geroff	ger off
gimme	gim me
gonna	gon na
gotta	got ta
hadnt	had nt
hasnt	has nt
he'd''ve	he 'd' 've
hes	he s
inne	in n e
innit	in n it
isnt	is nt
it'd've	it 'd 've
lorra	lor ra
m'lud	m' lud
ought'a	ough t 'a
oughta	ought a
shan't	sha n't
she'd've	she 'd 've
shouldn't've	should n't 've
shouldn't	should n't
t'other	t' other
thats	that s
theres	there s
they'd've	they 'd 've
theyve	they ve
tis	t is
twas	t was
twere	t were
twould	t would
wanna	wan na
wannit	wann it
wasnt	was nt
we'd've	we 'd 've
weve	we ve
won't	wo n't
wotta	wott a
wouldn't've	would n't 've
wouldnt	would nt
you'd've	you 'd 've

Multiwords

CLAWS recognizes certain sequences of orthographically distinct words as constituting a single item: examples include common prepositional phrases such as ‘in spite of’, as well as phrases from other languages such as ‘aide memoire’. In this version of the corpus, such items are explicitly tagged using an XML <mw> (for multiword) tag carrying the appropriate wordclass tag, as indicated below. Within this <mw> element however, in a departure from earlier versions of the corpus, the individual words are also tagged using <w> tags in the same way as elsewhere in the corpus.

The following table lists all multiwords recognized in the corpus alphabetically, indicating both the wordclass codes assigned to it, and also the wordclass codes assigned to its constituent <w> elements. Note that these latter wordclass codes were assigned automatically during the XML conversion process and therefore should not be included in any assessment of the CLAWS error rate.

multiword	mw wordclass/es	constituent wordclasses
ab initio	AV0 or AJ0	UNC UNC
a bit	AV0	AT0 NN1
a capella	AJ0 or AV0	UNC UNC
according as	CJS	VVG CJS
according to	PRP	VVG PRP
ad astra	AV0 or AJ0	UNC UNC
ad hoc	AV0 or AJ0	UNC UNC
ad hominem	AV0 or AJ0	UNC UNC
ad infinitum	AV0	UNC UNC
adjacent to	PRP	AJ0 PRP
ad lib	AJ0 or AV0 or NN1	UNC UNC
ad nauseam	AV0 or AJ0	UNC UNC
affaire de coeur	NN1	UNC UNC UNC
affaire d'honneur	NN1	UNC UNC
a fortiori	AV0 or AJ0	UNC UNC
agent provocateur	NN1	UNC UNC
agnus dei	NN1	UNC UNC
a good deal	AV0	AT0 AJ0 NN1
a great deal	AV0	AT0 AJ0 NN1
ahead of	PRP	AV0 PRF
a heck of a lot	AV0	AT0 NN1 PRF AT0 NN1
aide de camp	NN1	UNC UNC UNC
aide memoire	NN1	UNC UNC
a la	PRP	UNC UNC
a la carte	AJ0 or AV0	UNC UNC UNC
a la mode	AJ0 or AV0	UNC UNC UNC
al dente	AJ0 or AV0	UNC UNC
al fresco	AV0 or AJ0	UNC UNC
a little	AV0	AT0 AV0/DT0
a little bit	AV0	AT0 AJ0 NN1
alla breve	AV0 or AJ0 or NN0	UNC UNC
all but	AV0	AV0 CJS
all of a sudden	AV0	DT0 PRF AT0 NN1
all right	AV0 or AJ0	AV0 AV0
all the same	AV0	DT0 AT0 DT0
alma mater	NN1	UNC UNC
along with	PRP	AVP PRP
a lot	AV0	AT0 NN1
alter ego	NN1	UNC UNC
an' all	AV0	CJC DT0
an awful lot	AV0	AT0 AJ0 NN1
ancien regime	NN1	UNC UNC
and so forth	AV0	CJC AV0 AV0
and so on	AV0	CJC AV0 AV0
anno domini	AV0 or NN1	UNC UNC
annus horribilis	NN1	UNC UNC
annus mirabilis	NN1	UNC UNC
ante meridiem	AV0	UNC UNC
any longer	AV0	AV0 AV0
anything but	AV0	PNI AV0
apart from	PRP	AV0 PRP
a posteriori	AV0 or AJ0	UNC UNC
a priori	AV0 or AJ0	UNC UNC
a propos	PRP or AV0	UNC UNC
aqua vitae	NN1	UNC UNC
art nouveau	NN1	UNC UNC
as against	PRP	CJS PRP
as between	PRP	CJS PRP
as for	PRP	CJS PRP
as from	PRP	CJS PRP
aside from	PRP	AV0 PRP
as if	CJS	CJS CJS
as it were	AV0	CJS PNP VBD
as long as	CJS	AV0 AV0 CJS
as of	PRP	CJS PRF
as opposed to	PRP	CJS VVN PRP
as regards	PRP	CJS VVZ
as soon as	CJS	AV0 AV0 CJS
as though	CJS	CJS CJS
asti spumante	NN1	UNC UNC
as to	PRP	CJS PRP
as usual	AV0	CJS AJ0
as well as	PRP	AV0 AV0 CJS
as well	AV0	CJS AV0
as yet	AV0	CJS AV0
at all	AV0	PRP DT0
at best	AV0	PRP AJS
at first	AV0	PRP ORD
at large	AV0	PRP AJ0
at last	AV0	PRP ORD
at least	AV0	PRP AV0
at length	AV0	PRP NN1
at long length	AV0	PRP AJ0 NN1
at most	AV0	PRP DT0
at once	AV0	PRP AV0
at present	AV0	PRP NN1
at random	AV0	PRP AJ0
at worst	AV0	PRP AV0
au contraire	AV0	UNC UNC
au fait	AJ0	UNC UNC
auf wiedersehen	ITJ	UNC UNC
au pair	NN1	UNC UNC
au revoir	ITJ	UNC UNC
aurora australis	NN1	UNC UNC
aurora borealis	NN1	UNC UNC
avant garde	NN1 or AJ0	UNC UNC
away from	PRP	AV0 PRP
bar mitzvah	NN1 or AJ0	UNC UNC
basso profundo	NN1	UNC UNC
beau monde	NN1	UNC UNC
because of	PRP	CJS PRF
belles lettres	NN2	UNC UNC
bete noire	NN1	UNC UNC
billet doux	NN1	UNC UNC
bona fides	NN2	UNC UNC
bona fide	AJ0	UNC UNC
bon appetit	ITJ	UNC UNC
bon mot	NN1	UNC UNC
bon vivant	NN1	UNC UNC
bon viveur	NN1	UNC UNC
bon voyage	ITJ	UNC UNC
brand new	AJ0	NN1 AJ0
but for	PRP	CJS PRP
by and by	AV0	AVP CJC AVP
by and large	AV0	AVP CJC AJ0
by far	AV0	PRP AV0
by means of	PRP	PRP NN0 PRF
by no means	AV0	PRP PRP NN0
by now	AV0	PRP AV0
by reason of	PRP	PRP NN1 PRF
by the by	AV0	PRP AT0 NN1
by way of	PRP	PRP NN1 PRF
cafe au lait	NN1	UNC UNC UNC
camera obscura	NN1	UNC UNC
carte blanche	NN1	UNC UNC
casus belli	NN1	UNC UNC
cause celebre	NN1	UNC UNC
ceteris paribus	AV0	UNC UNC
chaise longue	NN1	UNC UNC
charge d'affaires	NN1	UNC UNC
chez moi	AV0	UNC UNC
chez nous	AV0	UNC UNC
chilli con carne	NN1	NN1 NN1 NN1
chop suey	NN1	UNC UNC
chow mein	NN1	UNC UNC
clamp down	NN1	VVB/VVI AVP
close to	AV0	AV0/AJ0 PRP
compos mentis	AJ0	UNC UNC
con brio	AJ0 or AV0	UNC UNC
con fuoco	AJ0 or AV0	UNC UNC
con moto	AJ0 or AV0	UNC UNC
considering that	CJS	VVG CJT
contrary to	PRP	JJ PRP
cordon bleu	NN1	UNC UNC
cordon sanitaire	NN1	UNC UNC
corpus delicti	NN1	UNC UNC
corpus juris	NN1	UNC UNC
coup de grace	NN1	UNC UNC UNC
coup d'etat	NN1	UNC UNC
coup de theatre	NN1	UNC UNC UNC
creme de la creme	NN1	UNC UNC UNC UNC
creme de menthe	NN1	UNC UNC UNC
cri de coeur	NN1	UNC UNC UNC
croix de guerre	NN0	UNC UNC UNC
cul de sac	NN1	UNC UNC UNC
danse macabre	NN1	UNC UNC
de facto	AV0 or AJ0	UNC UNC
dei gratia	AV0	UNC UNC
deja vu	NN1	UNC UNC
de jure	AV0 or AJ0	UNC UNC
delirium tremens	NN1	UNC UNC
de luxe	AJ0	UNC UNC
demi monde	NN1	UNC UNC
depending on	PRP	VVG PRP
de profundis	AV0	UNC UNC
de rigeur	AJ0	UNC UNC
de trop	AJ0	UNC UNC
deus ex machina	NN1	UNC UNC UNC
double entendre	NN1	UNC UNC
dramatis personae	NN2	UNC UNC
due to	PRP	AJ0 PRP
each other	PNX	DT0 NN1
eminence grise	NN1	UNC UNC
en bloc	AV0	UNC UNC
en famille	AV0	UNC UNC
enfants terribles	NN2	UNC UNC
enfant terrible	NN1	UNC UNC
en masse	AV0	UNC UNC
en passant	AV0	UNC UNC
en route	AV0	UNC UNC
en suite	AJ0	UNC UNC
entente cordiale	NN1	UNC UNC
esprit de corps	NN1	UNC UNC UNC
et al	AV0	UNC UNC
et cetera	AV0	UNC UNC
even if	CJS	AV0 CJS
even so	AV0	AV0 AV0
even though	CJS	AV0 CJS
even when	CJS	AV0 CJS
ever so	AV0	AV0 AV0
every so often	AV0	AT0 AV0 AV0
ex army	AJ0	PRP NN1
ex cathedra	AV0 or AJ0	UNC UNC
except for	PRP	CJS PRP
excepting for	PRP	VVG PRP
except that	CJS	CJS CJT
ex gratia	AV0 or AJ0	UNC UNC
ex libris	AV0	UNC UNC
ex officio	AV0 or AJ0	UNC UNC
ex parte	AV0 or AJ0	UNC UNC
ex tempore	AV0 or AJ0	UNC UNC
fait accompli	NN1	UNC UNC
far from	AV0	AV0 PRP
far off	AJ0	AV0 AVP
faux amis	NN2	UNC UNC
faux ami	NN1	UNC UNC
faux pas	NN0	UNC UNC
fed up	AJ0	VVN AVP
femme fatale	NN1	UNC UNC
fin de siecle	NN1	UNC UNC UNC
follow up	NN1	VVB/VVI AVP
force majeure	NN1	UNC UNC
for certain	AV0	PRP AJ0
for ever	AV0	PRP AV0
for example	AV0	PRP NN1
for fear of	PRP	PRP NN1 PRF
for good	AV0	PRP AJ0
for instance	AV0	PRP NN1
for keeps	AV0	PRP NN2
for long	AV0	PRP AV0
for once	AV0	PRP AV0
for sure	AV0	PRP AJ0
for the most part	AV0	PRP AT0 AV0 NN1
for the time being	AV0	PRP AT0 NN1 VBG
fromage frais	NN1	UNC UNC
from now on	AV0	PRP AV0 AVP
from time to time	AV0	PRP NN1 PRP NN1
getting on for	AV0	VVG AVP PRP
grande dame	NN1	UNC UNC
grand prix	NN1	UNC UNC
grown ups	NN2	VVN NN2
grown up	NN1	VVN AVP
gung ho	AJ0 or AV0	UNC UNC
habeas corpus	NN1	UNC UNC
half way	AV0	DT0 NN1
hara kiri	NN1	UNC UNC
hard up	AJ0	AJ0 AVP
hasta la vista	ITJ	UNC UNC UNC
hasta luego	ITJ	UNC UNC
haute couture	NN1	UNC UNC
haute cuisine	NN1	UNC UNC
have nots	NN2	VHB NN2
hey presto	ITJ	ITJ ITJ
hoi polloi	NN0	UNC UNC
homo sapiens	NN1	UNC UNC
hors d'oeuvres	NN2	UNC UNC
hors d'oeuvre	NN1	UNC UNC
hysteron proteron	NN1	UNC UNC
idee fixe	NN1	UNC UNC
in absentia	AV0	UNC UNC
in accordance with	PRP	PRP NN1 PRP
in accord with	PRP	PRP NN1 PRP
in addition	AV0	PRP NN1
in addition to	PRP	PRP NN1 PRP
in aid of	PRP	PRP NN1 PRF
in answer to	PRP	PRP NN1 PRP
in as much as	CJS	PRP AV0 DT0 CJS
inasmuch as	CJS	UNC CJS
in association with	PRP	PRP NN1 PRP
in back of	PRP	PRP NN1 PRF
in between	PRP or AV0	AVP PRP/AV0
in brief	AV0	PRP AJ0
in camera	AV0	UNC UNC
in case of	PRP	PRP NN1 PRF
in case	CJS or AV0	PRP NN1
in charge of	PRP	PRP NN1 PRF
in common	AV0	PRP AJ0
in common with	PRP	PRP NN1 PRP
in comparison with	PRP	PRP NN1 PRP
in conjunction with	PRP	PRP NN1 PRP
in connection with	PRP	PRP NN1 PRP
in consultation with	PRP	PRP NN1 PRP
in contact with	PRP	PRP NN1 PRP
in cooperation with	PRP	PRP NN1 PRP
in course with	PRP	PRP NN1 PRP
in defence of	PRP	PRP NN1 PRF
in defiance of	PRP	PRP NN1 PRF
in excess of	PRP	PRP NN1 PRF
in extremis	AV0	UNC UNC
in face of	PRP	PRP NN1 PRF
in favor of	PRP	PRP NN1 PRF
in favour of	PRP	PRP NN1 PRF
in flagrante delicto	AV0 or AJ0	UNC UNC UNC
in front of	PRP	PRP NN1 PRF
in full	AV0	PRP AJ0
in general	AV0	PRP AJ0
in keeping with	PRP	PRP NN1 PRP
in lieu of	PRP	PRP UNC PRF
in light of	PRP	PRP NN1 PRF
in line with	PRP	PRP NN1 PRP
in loco parentis	AV0 or AJ0	UNC UNC UNC
in medias res	AV0	UNC UNC UNC
in memoriam	AV0	UNC UNC
in need of	PRP	PRP NN1 PRF
in particular	AV0	PRP AJ0
in perpetuum	AV0	UNC UNC
in place of	PRP	PRP NN1 PRF
in possession of	PRP	PRP NN1 PRF
in private	AV0	PRP AJ0
in proportion to	PRP	PRP NN1 PRP
in propria persona	AV0	UNC UNC UNC
in public	AV0	PRP AJ0
in pursuit of	PRP	PRP NN1 PRF
in quest of	PRP	PRP NN1 PRF
in receipt of	PRP	PRP NN1 PRF
in regard to	PRP	PRP NN1 PRP
in relation to	PRP	PRP NN1 PRP
in reply to	PRP	PRP NN1 PRP
in respect of	PRP	PRP NN1 PRF
in response to	PRP	PRP NN1 PRP
in return for	PRP	PRP NN1 PRP
in search of	PRP	PRP NN1 PRF
in short	AV0	PRP AJ0
inside out	AV0 or AJ0	AV0 AVP
in situ	AV0	UNC UNC
in so far as	CJS	PRP AV0 AV0 CJS
insofar as	CJS	UNC CJS
in spite of	PRP	PRP NN1 PRF
instead of	PRP	AV0 PRF
in support of	PRP	PRP NN1 PRF
inter alia	AV0	UNC UNC
in terms of	PRP	PRP NN2 PRF
in that	CJS	PRP CJT
in the light of	PRP	PRP AT0 NN1 PRF
in the main	AV0	PRP AT0 AJ0
in the order of	AV0	PRP AT0 NN1 PRF
into line with	PRP	PRP NN1 PRP
in toto	AV0 or AJ0	UNC UNC
in touch with	PRP	PRP NN1 PRP
in vain	AV0	PRP AJ0
in view of	PRP	PRP NN1 PRF
in vitro	AJ0 or AV0	UNC UNC
in vivo	AJ0 or AV0	UNC UNC
ipso facto	AV0	UNC UNC
irrespective of	PRP	AJ0 PRF
je ne sais quoi	NN1	UNC UNC UNC UNC
joie de vivre	NN1	UNC UNC UNC
just about	AV0	AV0 AV0
just about	AV0	AV0 AV0
kind of	AV0	NN1 PRF
know how	NN1	VVB AVQ
kung fu	NN1	UNC UNC
la dolce vita	NN1	UNC UNC UNC
laissez faire	NN1	UNC UNC
le mot juste	NN1	UNC UNC UNC
less than	AV0	AV0/DT0 CJS
let alone	PRP	VVB AJ0
let 's	VM0	VVB PNP
lingua franca	NN0	UNC UNC
lo and behold	ITJ	ITJ CJC VVB
loc cit	AV0	UNC UNC
locum tenens	NN1	UNC UNC
long-term wise	AV0	AJ0 AV0
magna carta	NN1	UNC UNC
magna cum laude	AJ0 or AV0	UNC UNC UNC
magnum opus	NN1	UNC UNC
maitre d'hotel	NN1	UNC UNC
mal de mer	NN1	UNC UNC UNC
matter of fact	NN1 or AJ0	NN1 PRF NN1
mea culpa	NN1	UNC UNC
medecins sans frontieres	NN0	UNC UNC UNC
medicins sans frontieres	NN0	UNC UNC UNC
menage a trois	NN1	UNC UNC UNC
mezzo soprano	NN1	UNC UNC
modus operandi	NN1	UNC UNC
modus vivendi	NN1	UNC UNC
more than	AV0	AV0/DT0 CJS
more than	AV0	AV0 CJS
mot juste	NN1	UNC UNC
nearer to	PRP	AJC/AV0 PRP
nearest to	PRP	AJS/AV0 PRP
near to	PRP	AJ0/AV0 PRP
nem con	AV0	UNC UNC
next to	PRP	ORD PRP
nigh on	AV0	AV0 AVP
noblesse oblige	NN1	UNC UNC
no doubt	AV0	AT0 NN1
no longer	AV0	AV0 AV0
no matter who	PNQ	AT0 NN1 PNQ
no matter whom	PNQ	AT0 NN1 PNQ
no matter whose	DTQ	AT0 NN1 DTQ
nom de guerre	NN1	UNC UNC UNC
nom de plume	NN1	UNC UNC UNC
non compos mentis	AJ0	UNC UNC UNC
none other	PNI	PNI AJ0
none the less	AV0	PNI AT0 AV0
none the	AV0	PNI AT0
non sequitur	NN1	UNC UNC
no one	PNI	AT0 PNI
not withstanding	AV0	XX0 UNC
nouveau riche	NN1	UNC UNC
nouveaux riches	NN2	UNC UNC
nouvelle cuisine	NN1	UNC UNC
now that	CJS	AV0 CJT
objet d'art	NN1	UNC UNC
objets d'art	NN2	UNC UNC
of course	AV0	PRF NN1
off guard	AV0	PRP NN1
off of	PRP	AVP PRF
oft times	AV0	AV0 NN2
old fashioned	AJ0	AJ0 VVN
on account of	PRP	PRP NN1 PRF
on behalf of	PRP	PRP NN1 PRF
on board	PRP or AV0	PRP NN1
once again	AV0	AV0 AV0
once and for all	AV0	AV0 CJC PRP DT0
once more	AV0	AV0 AV0
one another	PNX	CRD DT0
one 's	CRD	CRD POS
on the part of	PRP	PRP AT0 NN1 PRF
on top of	PRP	PRP NN1 PRF
on to	PRP	AVP PRP/TO0
op cit	AV0	UNC UNC
other than	PRP	AJ0 CJS
out of	PRP	AVP PRF
out of date	AJ0	AVP PRF NN1
out of line with	PRP	AVP PRF NN1 PRP
out of touch with	PRP	AVP PRF NN1 PRP
outside of	PRP	PRP PRF
over here	AV0	PRP AV0
over there	AV0	PRP AV0
owing to	PRP	VVG PRP
papier mache	NN1	UNC UNC
par excellence	AJ0	UNC UNC
pas de deux	NN0	UNC UNC UNC
pate de foie gras	NN1	UNC UNC UNC UNC
pax britannica	NN1	UNC UNC
pax romana	NN1	UNC UNC
per annum	AV0	UNC UNC
per capita	AV0 or AJ0	UNC UNC
per cent	NN0	UNC UNC
per diem	AV0 or AJ0 or NN1	UNC UNC
per se	AV0	UNC UNC
personae non gratae	NN2	UNC UNC UNC
persona non grata	NN1	UNC UNC UNC
pertaining to	PRP	VVG PRP
petit bourgeois	NN1	UNC UNC
petite bougeoisie	NN1	UNC UNC
petits bourgeois	NN2	UNC UNC
piece de resistance	NN1	UNC UNC UNC
pied a terre	NN1	UNC UNC UNC
pina colada	NN1	UNC UNC
pince nez	NN0	UNC UNC
poco a poco	AV0	UNC UNC UNC
point blank	AV0 or AJ0	NN1 AJ0
poste restante	NN1 or AV0	UNC UNC
post hoc	AV0 or AJ0	UNC UNC
post meridiem	AV0	UNC UNC
post mortem	NN1 or AJ0	UNC UNC
pot pourri	NN1	UNC UNC
prima donna	NN1	UNC UNC
prima facie	AJ0 or AV0	UNC UNC
primus inter pares	NN1	UNC AJ0 UNC
prior to	PRP	AJ0 PRP
pro forma	NN1	UNC UNC
pro rata	AV0 or AJ0	UNC UNC
pro tem	AV0	UNC UNC
provided that	CJS	VVN CJT
providing that	CJS	VVG CJT
pursuant to	PRP	AJ0 PRP
quid pro quo	NN1	UNC UNC UNC
raison d'etre	NN1	UNC UNC
rather than	PRP	AV0 CJS
relative to	PRP	AJ0 PRP
rigor mortis	NN1	UNC UNC
roman a clef	NN1	UNC UNC UNC
save for	PRP	VVI PRP
save that	CJS	VVI CJT
savoir faire	NN1	UNC UNC
savoir vivre	NN1	UNC UNC
seeing as	CJS	VVG CJS
seeing that	CJS	VVG CJT
semper fidelis	AJ0	UNC UNC
shish kebab	NN1	UNC UNC
sine die	AV0	UNC UNC
sine qua non	NN1	UNC UNC UNC
sinn fein	NN1	UNC UNC
so called	AJ0	AV0 VVN
so long as	CJS	AV0 AV0 CJS
some one	PNI	DT0 PNI
something like	AV0	PNI PRP
so much as	AV0	AV0 DT0 CJS
son et lumiere	NN1	UNC UNC UNC
sort of	AV0	NN1 PRF
so that	CJS	AV0 CJT
sotto voce	AV0 or AJ0	UNC UNC
spaghetti bolognese	NN1	UNC UNC
spot on	AV0 or AJ0	NN1 AVP
status quo	NN1	UNC UNC
straight forward	AJ0	AV0 AJ0
subject to	PRP	AJ0 PRP
sub judice	AV0 or AJ0	UNC UNC
sub poena	NN1	UNC UNC
subsequent to	PRP	AJ0 PRP
such as	PRP	DT0 PRP
such that	CJS	DT0 CJT
sui generis	AJ0	UNC UNC
sui juris	AJ0	UNC UNC
summa cum laude	AJ0 or AV0	UNC UNC UNC
super duper	AJ0	AJ0 XXX
supposing that	CJS	VVG PRP
table d'hote	NN1	UNC UNC
tabula rasa	NN1	UNC UNC
tai chi	NN1	UNC UNC
tai kwan do	NN1	UNC UNC UNC
terra firma	NN1	UNC UNC
terra incognita	NN1	UNC UNC
thanks to	PRP	NN2 PRP
that is	AV0	DT0 VBZ
that is to say	AV0	DT0 VBZ TO0 VVI
through thick and thin	AV0	PRP AJ0 CJC AJ0
time and again	AV0	NN1 CJC AV0
to and fro	AV0	PRP CJC AV0
tour de force	NN1	UNC UNC UNC
tout court	AJ0	UNC UNC
tout de suite	AV0	UNC UNC UNC
ultra vires	AJ0 or AV0	UNC UNC
under way	AV0	PRP NN1
up front	AJ0 or AV0	AVP AJ0
upside down	AV0 or AJ0	NN1 AVP
up to	PRP or AV0	AVP PRP/TO0
up to date	AJ0	AVP TO0 NN1
up to the minute	AJ0	AVP PRP AT0 NN1
up until	PRP	AVP CJS/PRP
upward of	AV0	AV0 PRF
upwards of	AV0	AV0 PRF
vice versa	AV0	UNC UNC
vin de table	NN1	UNC UNC UNC
vis a vis	PRP	UNC UNC UNC
viva voce	NN1 or AJ0 or AV0	UNC UNC
vol au vent	NN1	UNC UNC UNC
volte face	NN1	UNC UNC
vox populi	NN1	UNC UNC
well off	AJ0	AV0 AVP
whether or not	CJS	CJS CJC XX0
wiener schnitzel	NN1	UNC UNC
with a view to	PRP	PRP AT0 NN1 PRP
with reference to	PRP	PRP NN1 PRP
with regard to	PRP	PRP NN1 PRP
with relation to	PRP	PRP NN1 PRP
with respect to	PRP	PRP NN1 PRP

Simplified Wordclass Tags

This table lists, for each of the twelve simplified wordclass tags used by the pos attribute, the corresponding CLAWS C5 tags of which the class consists.

POS value	significance	combines
ADJ	adjective	AJ0, AJC, AJS, CRD, DT0, ORD
ADV	adverb	AV0, AVP, AVQ, XX0
ART	article	AT0
CONJ	conjunction	CJC, CJS, CJT
INTERJ	interjection	ITJ
PREP	preposition	PRF, PRP, TO0
PRON	pronoun	DPS, DTQ, EX0, PNI, PNP, PNQ, PNX
STOP	punctuation	POS, PUL, PUN, PUQ, PUR
SUBST	substantive	NN0, NN1, NN2, NP0, ONE, ZZ0, NN1-NP0, NP0-NN1
UNC	unclassified, uncertain, or non-lexical word	UNC, AJ0-AV0, AV0-AJ0, AJ0-NN1, NN1-AJ0, AJ0-VVD, VVD-AJ0, AJ0-VVG, VVG-AJ0, AJ0-VVN, VVN-AJ0, AVP-PRP, PRP-AVP, AVQ-CJS, CJS-AVQ, CJS-PRP, PRP-CJS, CJT-DT0, DT0-CJT, CRD-PNI, PNI-CRD, NN1-VVB, VVB-NN1, NN1-VVG, VVG-NN1, NN2-VVZ, VVZ-NN2
VERB	verb	VBB, VBD, VBG, VBI, VBN, VBZ, VDB, VDD, VDG, VDI, VDN, VDZ, VHB, VHD, VHG, VHI, VHN, VHZ, VM0, VVB, VVD, VVG, VVI, VVN, VVZ, VVD-VVN, VVN-VVD

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